The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

The domain of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit testing has experienced advancements in methodologies for fault detection, which are crucial for addressing the complexities of modern applications. Traditional testing techniques frequently fall short in achieving precise fault localization, highlighting the necessity for the development of enhanced methodologies. This paper endeavors to investigate the implementation of an optimized test generation algorithm aimed at improving testing efficiency and increasing fault coverage. In this study, we utilized a (PSO)-enhanced Fan (Fan-out-oriented algorithm) applied to ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits. The optimization process involved refining the decision trees utilized in the Fan algorithm through a rigorously defined cost function, which strikes a balance between accuracy, complexity, and operational efficiency. The results indicate improvement in both fault coverage and detection efficiency. Furthermore, the optimization process resulted in a reduction of required test vectors, thereby enhancing testing efficiency, particularly in high-volume production environments. The study also introduces the development of diagnostic metrics that provide deeper insights into circuit failures and proposes design-for-testability techniques to improve reliability. The integration of PSO within the Fan algorithm not only facilitates the generation of robust test solutions but also produces high-quality test vectors.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present a model for analysis of culturalization mechanism of Fan behavior in Iran football stadiums.Methodology: The research method was descriptive-correlative, in terms of purpose, it was functional and in terms of the data collection method, it was a field. The statistical population of the present study was all employees of the department of culture and development of sports of the general directorate of sports and youth of the provinces of the country, as well as the chairman, vice chairman and secretary of the football association of the provinces of the country and finally the managers of the Islamic Republic of Iran football federation and the league organization (169 people). The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 54 items that were evaluated in qualitative section by Delphi method for validity, content, and formality validation of the soccer sports experts (5 people) and sports management professors (5 people). By applying experts' opinion and by calculating the importance of each item in the questionnaire, and the reliability of the tool was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient α = 0.88.Results: Regarding the dimensions and priority of the model structures, the results indicated that the priority of the structures included the systematic culturalization, provision of facilities and services, the development of the stadium culture, the division of inter-organizational work, system monitoring and control, the behavior building of the sponsor, capacity building of the event culture, Inter-sectoral coordination, and cross-sectoral coordination and determine the role of stakeholders.Conclusion: By understanding of culturalization mechanism of Fan behavior we can received a new category based on previous studies, managers' experiences, and the perception of sports management experts. This model is appropriate framework for future studies in the field of culture development in the football stadiums, and can be the basis of action. Because comprehensive cognition based on identifying key factors and how they interact with each other and provides continuous evaluation capability, and it can take a comprehensive view for officials and planners.

This paper reports on a numerical simulation of circumferential groove casing treatment in a high-speed axial Fan. Four circumferential grooves of the same geometry are located over the tip of a NASA Rotor-67 and unsteady calculations are performed from choke to near-stall. Results show that circumferential grooves reduce the incidence angle near the pressure surface at the blade leading-edge. Furthermore, the passage shock and the leakage flow are pushed rearward in the passage. It is found that circumferential grooves increase the momentum in the streamwise direction (fluid is absorbed by the grooves from their downstream part and is injected from their upstream section). The grooves also provide a flow path between the suction and pressure surface, leading to a reduction in the pressure difference between them. At the near-stall point the flow field near the grooves was found to be highly unsteady. Maximum unsteadiness was observed in the first upstream groove: the circulated mass flow rate changed as high as roughly 30 percent of its time-averaged value. As a result, in order to simulate circumferential groove casing treatment in compressors, unsteady computations are required.